After rebooting, the device disappeared from the network. Connected the device to the monitor:
You are in emergency mode. After logging in, type “journalctrl -xb” to view
system logs “systemctl reboot” to reboot, “systemctl default” or ^D to try again to boot into default mode.
Cannot open access to console, the root account is locked See sulogin(8) man page for more details.
This text constantly appears after pressing Enter.
Is it possible to somehow log into the system or is it easier to re-record the image of the system on a memory card?
It probably tried to write in one of the damaged cells. Usually they get “rotated” automatically for wear leverage, but if the card is getting full, there is less space left for that.