If by theoretical explanation you mean a link budget, there are link budgets in this ITU document for satellite ADS-B links. https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REP-M.2413
Also, there is a long thread on here for range of terrestrial ADS-B .
https://discussions.flightaware.com/t/what-is-the-maximum-range-i-can-get/17248
Edit to add: In the last two posts of the above thread I calculated a link budget of a terrestrial ADS-B link.